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Qu'est-ce que l'A.B.A. ?
Les interventions comportementales, et notamment l’A.B.A. (Applied Behavior Analysis), trouvent leur origine dans l’application systématique des interventions fondées sur les principes de la théorie de l’apprentissage. Elles consistent à analyser les comportements pour comprendre les lois par lesquelles l’environnement les influence, puis à développer des stratégies pour les changer. Les matériaux pédagogiques sont choisis par l’adulte qui prend l’initiative des interactions pendant les séances. Les renforcements sont extrinsèques aux tâches enseignées (renforcement positif) et présélectionnés.
Leur efficacité sur le quotient intellectuel, les compétences de communication et le langage a été démontrée à moyen terme comparativement aux pratiques éclectiques, avec une amélioration pour environ 50 % des enfants (suivi maximum 4 années).
1. Principes
Les enfants, lors de leur développement, apprennent spontanément dans leur environnement (apprentissage du jeu, du langage, des relations sociales). Les enfants autistes sont capables d’apprendre, mais dans un cadre particulièrement structuré, dans lequel les conditions sont optimales pour développer les mêmes compétences que les autres enfants acquièrent naturellement.
• L’A.B.A. concerne les règles de mise en place de ce cadre.
• L’A.B.A. est basée sur des principes scientifiques et expérimentaux.
• L’A.B.A. emploie des méthodes basées sur la théorie de l’apprentissage et applique à l’autisme les principes comportementalistes.
2. Description
L’A.B.A. comporte un programme de modification du comportement et de développement de compétences. Elle se compose essentiellement de deux types d’enseignements :
L’enseignement « structuré », assis au bureau ainsi qu’un apprentissage scolaire classique. L’apprentissage est décomposé initialement en séances, répétées en successions rapides jusqu’à ce que l’enfant réussisse à répondre correctement sans guidance ou aide particulière.
Chaque essai ou étape consiste en :
• une demande ou directive donnée à l’enfant pour qu’il effectue une action
• un comportement ou réponse de l’enfant
• une conséquence/réaction de l’intervenant
Toute réponse ou ébauche de réponse correcte est renforcée positivement, c’est-à-dire suivie immédiatement par quelque chose de plaisant pour l’enfant (jouet, bravo,…), et toute autre chose est ignorée ou corrigée de façon neutre.
L’enseignement « incidental » qui s’applique partout (à l’école, à la maison, à l’extérieur…) et à tout moment possible. Il s’agit de guider l’enfant :
• lors d’activités, de jeux, de loisirs afin de l’aider à jouer, à expérimenter et à découvrir son environnement,
• lors des moments propices à l’apprentissage de l’autonomie personnelle comme les repas, la toilette, la propreté, …
• lors des moments concernant l’autonomie et l’intégration sociale comme les repas en collectivité, les activités de groupe, les sorties en société…
Là encore, toute action ou ébauche d’action adaptée est encouragée et renforcée par quelque chose qui plait et motive l’enfant.
De façon générale, l’enseignement se fait par petites étapes : Chaque compétence que l’on souhaite développer chez l’enfant est analysée en petites unités mesurables et enseignées une étape à la fois.
Exemple : « se brosser les dents » est composé de : on prend la brosse; on la mouille; on met de la pâte dentifrice; etc.